![]() Nearly all patients who have periodontitis are found to have high levels of subgingival calculus deposits. Both of these side effects which are commonly associated with periodontitis. Chronic inflammation of the periodontium may result in the loss of bone and weak gingival fibers. This triggers an inflammatory response of the periodontium, specialized tissues which surround and support the teeth. Various types of anaerobic plaque bacteria secrete antigenic proteins. Including bacteria unable to exist in environments which contain oxygen. Subgingival plaque also contains higher levels of anaerobic bacteria. This type of bacteria is able to survive in an environment containing oxygen. When plaque is supragingival, the bacteria contains higher levels of aerobic bacteria and yeast. Calculus is bad for gingival health as it results in additional plaque formation. When plaque remains in the oral cavity for extended periods of time, it eventually calcifies and turns to calculus. While dental plaque does not directly cause periodontitis, it is it is often affiliated with the condition. These fibers attach the gums to the teeth and bone surrounding the tooth. When the gingiva is chronically irritated, there is a loss of the connective tissue fibers. When plaque accumulates, it can cause the gingiva to become inflamed and irritated. Common variables include the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, diet, location in the mouth, oral hygiene, bacterial plaque composition, genetics, dental care access, physical disabilities, disease, use of drugs or tobacco, and medications. Various components influence the amount and location of the calculus formations. The formation of calculus varies significantly for each patient. These layers are formed during the dental plaque calcification process. Dental calculus usually forms in layers which are easy to see through electron and light microscopy. The bacteria cells are covered in a layer of iron from heme which takes place during gingival bleeding. Subgingival calculus forms directly below the gumline and is typically darker in color because of the black-pigmented bacteria. These areas have a higher flow of saliva due to their close proximity to the salivary glands. The supragingival formation of calculus is most common on the check surfaces in the upper jaw molars and to the surface of the tongue on the lower jaw incisors. Ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments must be used to properly remove the buildup of calculus. Once the calculus forms, is too hard to be removed with a toothbrush at home. Good oral hygiene which includes twice daily brushing and regular flossing aids in removing the plaque where calculus can form. Calculus is able to form both along the gumline or supragingival and within the narrow sulcus which is found between the teeth and the gingiva.Ĭalculus formations are affiliated with various clinical issues including receding gums, bad breath, and inflamed gingiva. This results in the buildup of calculus and compromises the health of the gums. The rough and hard surface, however, which remains is an ideal surface for the formation of plaque. This process kills off the bacterial cells located within dental plaque. ![]() It is caused by the collection of minerals which accumulate from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid found in plaque on the teeth. Calculus or tartar is a type of hardened dental plaque.
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